The Verdict: Clear Path
You can apply for residence for research or teaching on the strength of your post. Your first step is the appointment or invitation from the Brazilian institution, with your apostilled degrees.
Research, teaching and academic extension are a residence ground of their own (Lei 13.445/2017, art. 30, I, a). The application rests on the institution's invitation, appointment or contract, plus your qualifications and any research funding documents.
Citizenship comes by naturalisation after four years of residence. A distinguished professional or scientific record can cut that to one year, at the ministry's discretion.