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An academic or research post is the strongest version of this route. Research, teaching and academic extension are a residence ground in their own right in Brazilian law, separate from ordinary employment, and applications with a university or research institute behind them are the most straightforward in this category.
The institution is central to it. What carries the application is the invitation, appointment or contract from the Brazilian body, together with your qualifications — so the paperwork follows from the post rather than from your record in the abstract. Brazilian law also requires decisions on this class of residence to be taken within sixty days of the application, which is a materially faster timetable than most immigration routes.
Practical points: your degrees and academic record will generally need apostilles and sworn translations, and if your appointment is funded by a research council or a specific project, the funding documents usually form part of the application.
On citizenship: residence is what the naturalisation clock runs on. Four years of it in the ordinary case, or one year if you marry or partner a Brazilian, have a Brazilian child, or hold the nationality of a Portuguese-speaking country. Academic residence counts as lawful residence, so a post held for four years reaches ordinary naturalisation — and if your record is distinguished, there is a provision cutting that to one year for professional, scientific or artistic capacity, which is worth asking about rather than assuming.
Tell us which institution, what the post is, and how long it runs, and we will tell you what the application needs and who files which part of it.